Next time you think it’ll be a fun idea to play Lil Nas X and Billy Ray Cyrus‘ “Old Town Road” remix on Spotify, consider all the little birdies you’re potentially killing with the toxins released into the environment with each stream. That seems to be the theory from University of Oslo professor Kyle Devine, who recently completed a study examining the impact of music digital consumption on the environment. The results of the academic study: the energy used to stream music could be just as damaging to the natural world as the Evian bottle currently sitting in the stomach of a sea turtle somewhere out there.

Related: Joe Russo’s Almost Dead Full-Show Audio Recordings Arrive On Streaming Platforms

Devine spent the last few years teaming up with researchers at the University of Glasgow to study the environmental impact of plastic used to make vinyl, CDs, and cassettes over the decades. They eventually reached the digital age of the 2000s, and although physical music sales may have declined, the use of new streaming platforms is still taking its toll on the environment. The research led to the shocking conclusion that the energy required for the average consumer to stream and download digital music has caused greenhouse gas emissions to rise sharply. How sharp? Their study estimates that music consumption throughout the first decade of the 2000s resulted in the emission equivalent of approximately 157 million kilograms of greenhouse gas.

Devine and his colleagues calculated the streaming data provided by the Recording Industry Association of America for the years 2015 and 2016. They found that the amount of electricity required to download one gigabyte of data is almost equal to the amount of electricity required for an average lightbulb to shine for an hour. Eek. So much for Spotify’s previous claims that streaming is “an act for greener music listening.”

Thankfully, the study was never meant to cause alarm within the already-struggling record industry. Devine, a user of Spotify, went on to state that their goal was meant to show “transparency and accountability” within the tech and environmental realms, hopefully leading for more discussion on energy usage from everyday habits. Read the entire 2019 study here.

On a more positive note regarding streaming, Jay-Z‘s entire catalog is now back on Spotify!

[H/T Rolling Stone]